
Objetivo 2020: la industria se ‘rearma’ para una era ‘eco’ y digital
La industria recompone sus piezas después de la caída con miras a encarar una nueva era que pasa por la sostenibilidad y por la digitalización. El parón que provocó la crisis financiera acabó de tumbar a las empresas que financieramente habían quedado tocadas después de dos décadas de deslocalización productiva. Los cierres, por tanto, continuaron estando a la orden del día durante la crisis económica, así como las reestructuraciones y las compraventas. Con esta última reordenación del sector se puso fin a tres décadas de adelgazamiento.
En 2014 empezó a colarse en la industria española de la moda el concepto de relocalización. A pesar de que, finalmente, las expectativas que prometía esta nueva oleada no se produjeron con la rapidez esperada, el regreso de cierta parte de la producción que en su día se había derivado a Asia sirvió al menos para contener la caída.
En España, además del rescate del fabricante de tejido elástico Dogi por parte de la gestora de fondos Sherpa Capital también hubo otra operación que copó la actualidad informativa de la industria textil en el país durante esta última década: las adquisiciones del histórico hilador gerundense Nylstar y de la filial española de la italiana Montefibre, con sede en Miranda de Ebro (Burgos) por parte del grupo inversor Praedium.
¿Quieres tener todas las claves de la década?
Diez años de moda en España. Diez años de Modaes.es
La compañía, propiedad del empresario catalán Alfons Cirera, rescató a Nylstar y Montefibre de los juzgados, ambas en su proceso de liquidación. Para la antigua Safa, con sede en Blanes (Girona), el grupo inversor puso en marcha un ambicioso plan que volvió a llevar a la empresa al borde del abismo: regresaron las movilizaciones, las protestas y el fantasma del cierre. Finalmente, con mediación de la Generalitat de Catalunya, se acordó un expediente de regulación de empleo (ERE) y se reactivó la producción, aunque marcándose objetivos menos ambiciosos.
Esta nueva reestructuración de Nylstar coincidió con la reactivación de Montefibre Hispania, que Praedium compró en 2014, también en proceso de liquidación, y que sumaba dos años encadenando EREs sobre la totalidad de la plantilla a la espera de reactivar la producción. A finales de 2016, la fábrica reanudó su actividad. Finalmente, en 2018, Montefibre abandonó la producción de hilo acrílico para la moda para entrar de lleno en la fibra de carbono para el sector de la automoción.
En esta década también se puso punto y final a otra histórica del textil catalán, la sabadellense Artextil. La empresa, cuyos orígenes se remontan a 1931, terminó sus días en 2014 con la apertura del auto de liquidación. De alguna manera, esta liquidación simbolizó el cierre definitivo de la última era dorada del sector, que se gestó en la década de los treinta del siglo pasado y concluyó con la liberalización del comercio textil en 2005.
El grupo inversor Praedium adquirió el histórico hilador gerundense Nysltar y la filial española de la italiana Montefibre
En Igualada, otra de las cunas del textil catalán, la última etapa de reestructuraciones daba aún sus últimos coletazos con el cierre definitivo de la factoría de Vives Vidal Vivesa antes de pasar al fondo francés Perceva. Sin embargo, las empresas que permanecieron empezaron a buscar la fórmula para reactivar la manufactura textil en el municipio. Uno de los nuevos modelos de negocio que surgió entonces fue Stitch Way, una iniciativa empresarial liderada por el empresario igualadino Antonio Egea, que sumaba la fuerza de los tres mayores fabricantes de tricot de la localidad: Tex 51, Gavipunt y Texdueñas. Bajo el lema de todos para uno y uno para todos, Stich Way capitalizó gran parte de la relocalización de la producción de tricot en Igualada.
En el ámbito internacional, una de las mayores operaciones corporativas que se ha llevado a cabo en la industria textil ha sido la compraventa de Invista, dueño de Lycra y Coolmax, por parte de Shandong Ruyi, un hólding chino que ha ido engordando su tamaño en los últimos años a golpe de adquisiciones. En este periodo, el nuevo propietario del fabricante de hilo elástico se ha hecho con Smcp, Bally, Jab Luxury, Bagir Group (especializado en sastrería), Trinity (antiguo negocio de lujo de Li&Fung), Taylor&Lodge o Carloway Mill (uno de los pocos fabricantes de tweed Harris en Escocia), entre otros.
Profesionalización de los interproveedores
Más allá de las operaciones corporativas de la industria textil para ganar tamaño, se ha producido en los últimos diez años la evolución del modelo de negocio del trader para trabajar a medida para Inditex. El nuevo modelo de negocio del interproveedor mezcla las funciones de empresa de diseño, gestor de la producción y operador logístico. Ya no se trata de tener una oficina en Hong Kong o en Shanghái en la que se compra mercancía para terceras marcas, sino de gestionar una empresa de moda en sí, pero para un tercero. Compañías como Hallotex, Hitex o Happypunt, todas ellas con sede en Mataró (Barcelona), han sofisticado al máximo este modelo de negocio. Incluso históricas del textil como Sedatex, con sede en Olesa de Montserrat (Barcelona), también se abrió paso en este ámbito con Pact2004.
En los últimos diez años ha evolucionado el modelo trader para trabajar a medida para Inditex
El auge de este modelo no pasó desapercibido entre los proveedores asiáticos tradicionales de Inditex, que empezaron a evolucionar también su modelo de negocio y a integrar cada vez más la pieza del diseño para ganar valor. Por otro lado, muchos de ellos empezaron también a tomar posiciones en España, abriendo oficinas en el país para tener un trato más directo y cercano con los diseñadores y compradores del gigante gallego.
De paso, muchos de ellos tendían puentes también con otros de los grandes grupos de moda del país, como Tendam, El Corte Inglés o Mango. En Barcelona, Li&Fung llegó a abrir su propia oficina comercial con varios diseñadores. Proveedores turcos, indios o incluso bengalíes fueron instalándose en esta concurrida vía del centro de Barcelona. Más adelante, su presencia fue expandiéndose hacia Madrid e incluso hacia A Coruña para ganar la mayor proximidad.
Sostenibilidad e industria 4.0: nuevo paradigma en el textil
La industria del denim, una de las más contaminantes del sector textil, fue la primera que ONGs y otros grupos de presión situaron en el punto de mira de esta última década marcada por la denuncia contra el impacto sobre el medio ambiente del sector textil. El interés creciente de algunos de los grandes grupos del sector, como Levi Strauss o G-Star, por buscar una manera alternativa de producir, colocó en el centro de las estrategias de sourcing a Jeanologia. En 2016, el grupo abrió por primera vez su capital a MCH Private Equity, que tomó una participación minoritaria. A principios de 2019, la empresa dio entrada a The
Carlyle Group con otro paquete minoritario de acciones.
La austríaca Lenzing ha sido otro de los gigantes en dar un giro de 180 grados hacia la sostenibilidad. La compañía acometió una profunda reestructuración entre 2013 y 2014, que supuso el cierre de factorías y el despido de parte de la plantilla, para sentar las bases para una nueva etapa. En 2015, la empresa dio un giro hacia la sostenibilidad y lanzó una nueva hoja de ruta. Sólo en 2017, Lenzing lanzó al mercado tres nuevas fibras.
Lenzing ha sido otro de los gigantes en dar un giro de 180 grados hacia la sostenibilidad
Sin embargo, no todas las fórmulas eco funcionaron. Crailar, que proponía al mercado una nueva fibra textil natural con base de lino, heno y otras fibras textiles, finalizó en 2015 su recorrido acogiéndose a un proceso concursal. A pesar de ello, las bases para una nueva industria más sostenible ya existen. H&M e Inditex están también liderando proyectos de investigación en este sentido.
La compañía sueca lleva desde 2016 buscando alianzas con empresas de reciclaje, start ups que investigan la circularidad de los materiales textiles e incluso con otros hóldings, como Stora Enso, en busca de nuevas fibras. El gigante gallego, por su parte, inició en 2017 proyectos con el Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT) para investigar en el reciclaje textil.
Por otro lado, además de la sostenibilidad, el otro vector de transformación de la industria en estos últimos años ha sido la tecnología. En otros sectores, como el del automóvil, la digitalización ha avanzado a un mayor ritmo. No obstante, en la de la moda también ha empezado a dar sus primeros pasos. Li&Fung puso en marcha en 2017 un plan a tres años para revolucionar la cadena de valor, digitalizando procesos y ganando velocidad.
En 2017, Adidas puso en marcha en Alemania la primera de sus speedfactories
Adidas, por su parte, introdujo la primera de sus speedfactories en Alemania. Se trata de factorías en cercanía a los mercados de consumo, totalmente digitalizadas y robotizadas. Con estas nuevas fábricas, Adidas pone sobre la mesa un nuevo sistema productivo que demuestra cómo la proximidad, la agilidad y la personalización pueden ser rentables con tecnología. Nike y Reebok, por su parte, también han empezado a entrar en este ámbito con factorías en Estados Unidos. Entre los avances tecnológicos que están favoreciendo esta transición se encuentran la impresión aditiva y las nuevas máquinas de confección, que han empezado a robotizar procesos muy intensivos en mano de obra.
Sin embargo, estos diez últimos años concluyen con nuevos retos tecnológicos sobre la mesa. Uno de ellos es la digitalización de una cadena de valor muy fragmentada y con multitud de actores para dar agilidad al proceso y tener una visión sobre el conjunto que permita tomar decisiones en tiempo real para mejorar la eficiencia. Otro de estos retos es el avance de la trasparencia de la cadena. La industria ha empezado ya a tantear nuevas fórmulas en este sentido con la tecnología del blockchain, la savia del bitcoin.
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